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道德意见303

Sharing Office Space and Services by Unaffiliated Lawyers

无关联澳博app可以共享办公空间和相关服务,只要此类共享安排不损害每名澳博app客户信息的保密性, 每个澳博app的独立性, and the separate obligations of each attorney to comply with the 职业行为准则. 除了, 共享安排的结构必须不让公众觉得,这些澳博app其实没有关联.

适用的规则

  • 规则1.6(信息保密)
  • 规则1.7(利益冲突)
  • 规则1.10(推定不合格)
  • 规则7.1 (Communications Concerning Lawyer’s Services)
  • 规则7.5(公司名称及信头)

调查

本委员会的任务是处理两名或两名以上澳博app同意共享办公空间和/或办公服务而不成立澳博app事务所或以其他方式将其业务联系起来时出现的道德问题. Similar issues arise when a sole practitioner rents office space and/or services from a law firm. Like the other jurisdictions that have considered this issue, 我们的结论是,非附属澳博app可以共享办公空间和/或办公室服务,但必须遵守个人澳博app的持续义务,遵守职业行为规则.

讨论

它已经变得越来越普遍, especially in high cost metropolitan areas like the District of Columbia, for attorneys to practice law in shared office suites, often utilizing shared office staff and facilities. 通过这样的共享安排, an individual attorney’s overhead expenses for receptionists, 支持人员, 会议室, 库, 复印机及传真机, 其他参与安排的澳博app的财政贡献可以按比例减少. 这些经济效益, 反过来, help attorneys to deliver cost-effective legal services to their clients.

正如其他司法管辖区所承认的那样1 我们确认, nothing in the rules of professional conduct prohibits attorneys from sharing office space, 人员, 设备, 或费用. 然而, while such sharing arrangements may provide undeniable economic benefits, 他们也有可能产生道德问题,所有参与安排的澳博app都必须认识到并避免这些问题.

公共混乱

无关联澳博app共享办公室的安排会造成公众混淆的风险,即在没有这种专业关系的情况下,参与这种安排的澳博app实际上是相互关联的. D.C. 职业行为准则.第1条规定“澳博app不得就其本人或澳博app的服务作出虚假或误导性的宣传.“这项禁令适用于关于澳博app服务的重大失实陈述和重大遗漏, including the professional affiliations of the lawyer.

向公众传达的信息, 或明或暗, 关于澳博app之间的办公室和/或服务共享安排的性质,完全受规则7的约束.1,必须遵守其条款. 例如, 如果澳博app, B和C共用一间办公室,在同一抬头的信上写着“A澳博app事务所”, B和C,” then the public would quite naturally assume that A, B和C were affiliated with each other in the joint practice of law. 看到 D.C. 职业行为准则.5(d), Comment [2] (“lawyers sharing office facilities, 但实际上他们并不是合作伙伴, 可以不把自己命名为, 例如, 史密斯和琼斯, for that title suggests 伙伴关系 in the practice of law”). 如果没有这种关系, the public would be misled as to the true nature of the relationship among these attorneys.2

类似的, if solo attorney A is renting space and services from law firm B, C & 办公室附近唯一的标志是“B, C的澳博app事务所” & D,,那么公众自然会认为A澳博app隶属于B澳博app事务所, C & D. 再一次, the public would be misled as to the true nature of the relationship among these attorneys. 为了避免这种潜在的混淆, 所有共享办公室的澳博app都应该在办公室入口的显著位置展示标牌,准确描述在该空间内运作的独立法律业务的性质. 看到 维吉尼亚Commw. 酒吧Cmte. 在道德 & 教授. Op. 874(1987)(与澳博app事务所共用办公室的单独执业澳博app应确保标志和目录表明澳博app的单独执业和与澳博app事务所没有联系).

公众对共用办公室安排感到困惑的另一个原因是接听共用办公室电话的方式. A receptionist answering a shared office telephone with the greeting “Good morning, A澳博app事务所, “B和C”向公众传播了与上面讨论的信头例子相同的误导性信息. 这样更好, 当然, 共享澳博app有单独的电话线,可以由共享接待员以每个澳博app的名义单独接听, 但这可能并不总是可行的. 当它不是, 共用接待员在接听办公室电话的方式或在没有关系的情况下暗示澳博app之间存在关系的任何其他行为上都必须谨慎. To avoid any implication of affiliation between the individual attorneys, the proper greeting in answering the common telephone line is simply “Law Offices.” 看,e.g., 俄亥俄州伦理行动. 95-1 (1995); 康涅狄格 Ethics Op. 89-3 (1989); 罗德岛州道德行动. 88-5 (1988).

参与办公室共享安排的澳博app必须确保在所有沟通中说明其业务的性质, 公众并不困惑, 欺骗或误导,有任何公司, 伙伴关系, 企业, “of counsel” or other relationship between the attorneys when no such relationship exists.3 至少, this includes avoiding the use of any written communications—such as 信头, 名片, 办公室的迹象, 或者广告——以一种暗示实际隶属关系的方式结合或链接共享澳博app的做法. 看到 ABA正式Op. 310 (1963). 如果潜在客户对这种安排中澳博app之间的关系感到困惑, the attorney should take steps to resolve this confusion, 包括明确声明不与同一办公室的其他澳博app有任何关系.

客户保密

在无关联澳博app之间的办公室和/或服务共享安排中,另一个值得关注的问题是,按照D . D .的要求,为每位澳博app的客户保密.C. 规则1.6. 参与办公室共享关系的澳博app必须确保他们自己的行为以及他们负责监督的专业人员和支持人员的行为完全符合这一义务,并保护客户的机密和秘密.

在办公室共享安排中,有无数的后勤可能性,可想而知,这可能会威胁到客户的机密性. 个人澳博app的文件和公共或共享办公区域的存储空间必须以保护客户机密的方式处理. 在办公室共享安排中,澳博app不应将机密客户文件留在任何未上锁的文件柜或共享办公空间的存储区域,因为这些文件可能被未经授权的个人访问并泄露机密.

The same confidentiality concerns apply equally to computerized records and work files. 不隶属的澳博app之间不受限制地访问彼此的电子文件(包括电子邮件和文字处理文档)和其他客户记录是不允许的. If separate computer systems are not utilized, 每个澳博app的客户机密信息都应受到保护,防止未经授权的访问,并保护客户的机密和秘密.4 类似的, 共享办公空间的澳博app应该考虑共享一条传真线路的道德影响, which might permit confidential client information to come into the hands of unauthorized parties, including the unaffiliated attorneys who share office space. 看到 罗德岛州道德行动. 93-99 (1994); 另请参阅 科罗拉多州道德行动. 89 (1991).5

Regardless of the specific measures taken in the context of particular office-sharing arrangements, 底线是,参与此类安排的澳博app必须采取一切合理必要的步骤来保护其个人客户信息的机密性. 这包括澳博app个人谨慎行事,避免泄露信息, 未经客户同意, 他们可能在共享办公空间内讨论各自案例时的机密客户信息,以及对员工的适当监督,以确保他们同样保护客户的机密和秘密. In circumstances where the office-sharing relationship involves shared employees, 参与安排的澳博app应采取积极措施,指导这些雇员履行保护客户机密的义务,并承担必要的持续监督,以确保做到这一点.

专业的独立

与其他无关联澳博app共享办公空间和/或服务的澳博app也必须努力保护其各自业务的独立性. 参与办公室共享安排的澳博app很自然会依赖彼此作为业务推荐的来源, back-up coverage when absent from the office, or simply as a sounding board for advice on difficult legal issues. 但, 这样做的时候, 澳博app必须小心地保护他们和每个客户之间存在的澳博app-客户关系. No matter how convenient the intra-office relationships may become over time, 在办公室共享关系中的澳博app在法律实践中不是合作伙伴,也不能这样对待对方.

利益冲突

The issue of professional independence is more than a mere aspirational concern, 因为它直接影响到办公室共享澳博app所代表的客户之间潜在利益冲突的处理. D的要求.C. 规则1.7, 处理一般的利益冲突, 而其他利益冲突规则则归咎于D项下“与公司有关联”的其他澳博app.C. 规则1.10. 对规则1的注释[1].第10条规定,“两名从业人员共用办公空间,偶尔相互咨询或协助,通常不被视为构成一家公司. 然而, 如果他们以某种方式向公众展示自己,表明他们是一家公司或以一家公司的方式行事, they should be regarded as a firm for purposes of the 规则.” The commentary goes on to recognize that in making this determination, 重要的是,不仅要考虑澳博app之间任何正式协议的条款,而且要考虑“他们是否能够相互接触到有关他们所服务的客户的机密信息”.” Id.另请参阅 D.C. 酒吧Op. 247 (1994) (imputed disqualification under 规则1.10 appropriately found where office-sharer was listed as “of counsel” to disqualified attorney).

这是一项本质上基于事实的调查,针对特定办公室共享关系的独特事实和情况. 但 it is important to recognize that office-sharing arrangements can, 在某些情况下, create conflict issues potentially disqualifying the attorneys participating in those arrangements. 看,e.g., 美国澳博app协会非正式道德操行. 1486年2月. 8, 1982) (lawyer may rent space from a law firm even though the lawyer and the law firm represent potentially adverse interests provided that appropriate care is taken to protect client confidences and clients consent to representation after disclosure); 美国澳博app协会非正式道德操行. 1474年(1月. 18, 1982) (military lawyers working in same office and sharing common secretaries and filing facilities should avoid representing conflicting interests); Virginia Ethics Opin. 677(4月. 2, 1985)(与另一澳博app共用办公空间和费用的澳博app不得在离婚诉讼中代表丈夫和妻子,如果办公室共享者曾在离婚诉讼中代表有争议的财产解决); In re Sexson, 613 N.E.2d 841 (Ind. 1993年)(澳博app共用办公空间, 秘书, 信头, 电话线路, and apparent access to confidential information, it was reasonable for client to assume that lawyers were members of same firm; lawyer could not represent wife in divorce action when another office-sharer represented husband in personal injury claim). 希望共享办公空间的澳博app必须确保这些安排不会造成不允许的利益冲突的表象,或以其他方式对他们热情地代表客户的能力产生不利影响.

调查没有. 00-8-32
通过日期:2001年2月21日

 


1. At least eight other state bar organizations (California, 科罗拉多州, 康涅狄格, 马里兰, 密歇根, 俄亥俄州, 罗德岛州, 和弗吉尼亚州)解决了无关联澳博app之间的办公室和/或服务共享安排. 所有人都同意这样的安排,但有不同的资格要求,以确保遵守本文所述的道德规则. 看,e.g.加州伦理咨询公司. 1997-150 (1997); 科罗拉多州道德行动in. 89 (1991); 康涅狄格 Ethics Opin. 90-27 (1990); 马里兰 Ethics Opin. 88-10 (1987); 密歇根 Informal Ethics Opin. CI-1045 (1984); 俄亥俄州伦理行动in. 89-36 (1989); 罗德岛州道德行动in. 88-5 (1988); Virginia Ethics Opin. 874 (1987).
2. 在目录列表中表示共享澳博app关系的方式也可能引起同样的混淆, 办公室的迹象, 还有广告,以及分享澳博app向客户和其他公众介绍对方的方式.
3. 一般认为,使用“澳博app”一词来指称仅仅共用办公空间的澳博app是不恰当的. 堪萨斯州伦理意见. 83-34 (1983), 83-34A (1984); 密歇根 Informal Ethics Opin. CI-1081 (1984); Oreg在道德 Opin. 1991-12 (1991).
4. To the extent a shared computer system is used, 很可能由相同的员工或第三方承包商提供技术支持和其他服务系统. 在这种情况下, 提供技术支持的人员, 就像所有共享的员工或承包商一样, must be instructed regarding their obligations to maintain client confidences and secrets, and the lawyers involved must ensure that this occurs.
5. Where use of private fax lines is not possible, it may be necessary to make clear to potential users, 特别的客户, that the faxed communications are not private. 参见密歇根非正式伦理意见. RI-249 (1996).

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